Female Characters Of The Novel Dracula - 1942 Words

Throughout the Victorian period in which Dracula was written, there was great concern over the roles of women, and the place they held in society. The two central female characters in Dracula are Mina Murray, later Mina Harker, and Lucy Westenra, though arguably Dracula’s three daughters also hold a strong place in terms of female characters in the novel also. One of the main depictions of women in the novel is that are either both sexually promiscuous and overtly sexual, or they are pure and chaste. In Victorian society, you were either a virgin or a married woman, if women were neither then they were not of much moral worth to society. Much like this Victorian ideal, the overtly promiscuous and sexual females of Dracula are depicted as evil and monstrous, while the pure and chaste women are displayed as strong and heroic. The character of Mina Murray, whom starts the novel as a young school headmistress that is engaged to one of the novel’s narrators, Jonathan Harker. Throughout the novel, Mina is depicted as the ideal Victorian woman. Take what Dr. Van Helsing says of Mina in chapter fourteen, She is one of God s women, fashioned by His own hand to show us men and other women that there is a heaven where we can enter, and that its light can be here on earth. So true, so sweet, so noble, so little an egoist†¦ (Stoker 2002: 198) Here, Van Helsing describes Mina as in possessions of such virtue that she is the epitome of what God intends women to be. 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Output Gap and Inflation Target Monetary Policy

Question: Describe, including a Philips curve diagram, how and why the output gap between equilibrium and actual output is used by policymakers to target inflation. With reference to the IS/PC/MR model and the extract from Minutes of the Monetary Policy Committee for January 2015, explain the Bank of Englands decision to hold interest rates at 0.5% and to maintain asset purchases, known as Quantitative Easing (QE)? Answer: Output Gap and Inflation Target When the economy experiences downturn then there is a decline in the economys output of goods and service. But when the economy recovers then that output, popularly known as countrys GDP increases. Policy makers and economist take interest in these ups and downs in the economy which is called business cycle. But what they are more concerned with is how close the gap between current output and potential output is. Their main interest is not only on the increase or decrease in GDP but also on the extent to which the GDP is above or below the potential level. This difference in the current or actual output and the potential output is the output gap. The potential output is defined as the maximum output an economy can produce when it is most efficient or in other words is at full capacity. The potential output is sometimes referred to as production capacity of the economy. With the rise and fall in GDP, the output gap can be positive and negative. A positive output gap occurs when current output exceeds the potential output. This happens when there is high demand and to meet this demand the workers operate above their efficient capacity. A negative output occurs when there is spare capacity and the economy has weak demand. The negative output gap is characterized when the potential GDP exceeds the potential GDP. (Abel and Bernanke, 2001) The presence of an output gap is represents that an economy is not at its efficient level- it is either overworking or underworking its resources. Policymakers tend to use the potential output to measure the dimension of inflation. In this regard, the output gap is like an indicator which analyzes the demand and supply components of economic activity. In short we can say state that the output gap evaluates the degree of inflation in the economy and it helps to establish an important linkage between the real side of the economy which includes the production of goods and services and inflation. During recession, a fall in aggregate demand causes output gap to be negative where potential GDP exceeds actual GDP. This output gap is directed by the increase in unemployment and unemployed resources. The level of output gap helps to recognize the level of inflation in the economy. The negative output gap determines inflation to be low. In this situation the monetary policy tend to be lax where a low rate of interest would be required to accentuate growth and diminish negative output. A positive output gap is a situation where the rate of growth is above the trend growth and this leads to a rise in inflationary pressure. Now this output gap is related to unemployment. The non accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is that unemployment rate that is consistent with constant inflation rate. The deflection of unemployment rate from its NAIRU is related with the diversion of output from its potential level. If the policymakers are able to state that the actual employment rate is equal to the NAIRU, then the economy will be able to produce the maximum output without overutilizing the resources in short there would be no output gap and no inflation in the economy. As we have analyzed that output gap has close association with the rate of inflation. So we can establish a relationship between inflation and unemployment. The relationship between the level of unemployment and the rate of inflation in the economy is shown with the help of the Phillips curve. The policymakers could explain the tradeoff between the unemployment and inflation. The Phillips curve helps to explain that as unemployment in creases, the rate of inflation lowers. The reason behind this tradeoff between the inflation rate and the rate of unemployment is that with an increase in aggregate demand the real GDP increases and therefore firms hire more workers and thereby the level of unemployment falls. But as the economy touches the full capacity, we can witness some inflationary pressures. This is because as the level of unemployment is lowered, the workers get the urge to demand more money wages which leads to a wage inflation. Also firms can increase the prices because of this rising demand. So we can see that as the level of unemployment is decreasing the economy is experiencing higher inflation rate. (Imf.org, 2015) The deviation of the unemployment from NAIRU is related to the output gap which is the deviation of the actual output from its potential level. Thus the output gap acquires a central position in the course of policy making. Most of the central banks aim at attaining the full capacity level where full employment leads to no output gap. And almost all central bank attempts to control the rate of inflation and output gap plays an important role in determining the inflation pressure. The output is responsible for indication the over performing or underperforming nature of the economy and so monetary policies are in immediate requirement in this regard. The monetary policy can be implemented by the central bank to enhance growth when the economy is under recession and there is a negative output gap. This is done by lowering the interest rates in order to increase the demand and restrict inflation to fall below the central banks target on the inflation rate. Again in the boom period, there exist positive output gap which initiates inflation rate to grow and in this context the central bank can stimulate growth in the economy by increasing the interest rates. Thus the policy makers are increasingly using the output gap to target inflationary pressures in the economy. But there crept up certain difficulties in estimating the output gap, so the policymakers use other economic indicators like employment, utilizing the capacity, shortages in labor, money and credit growth and inflation relative to expectations to assess the overall capacity pressure within the economy. (Claus, n.d.) Bank Of England And Low Interest Rate Based On Inflation Targeting Model The inflation targeting model is described by a three equation model IS-PC-MR. over the years the main policy goal of most of the central bank is targeting inflation which is conducted by the implementation of the monetary policy. The key policy instrument in this case is the nominal interest rate. The model assumes that the central banks systematically try to minimize the fluctuations of output around its natural rate of full employment and fluctuations of inflation about its target. The model assumes that the rate of inflation goes through a slow and persistent process and its takes around a year for the monetary policy to impact the output and this in turn takes around a year for the output to affect the inflation rates. The model also assumes that the central bank sets the nominal interest rate (i) and can evaluate the real rate of interest based on i and the expected rate of inflation which is nothing buyt the inflation of the previous period considering the adjustment lag. The equation given below describes the above assumption: The model is implemented on the basis of three set of equations: IS curve: (Mankiw, 2007) The equation of the IS Curve is Where C is the consumption, I is the investment, G is the government expenditure, EX is the exports, IM is the imports and Y denotes the real GDP. In this model, any change in the real interest rate affects the spending. As r increases, the borrowings of the consumer fall which is depicted by a fall in the C. this fall also leads to a decrease in the real GDP. Again if r declines then I will fall because investment and real interest rate are inversely related. A fall in the level of investment leads to a decline in the real GDP,Y. Also if r declines then the level of export falls but the imports rise leading to a fall in the Y. So the central bank has to adjust r to determine the level of real GDP of the economy. Phillips curve (PC): It establishes an inverse relationship between the level of unemployment and the rate of inflation. The equation of the Phillips curve is given by: (Stock and Watson, 2008) Where is the inflation rate, e is the expected inflation rate, Y is the actual GDP and Ye is the potential GDP. So as Y exceeds Ye, there is positive output gap which leads to increase in inflation rate and as Ye exceeds Y, there arises negative output gap which lowers down the inflation rate. So in order to reduce inflation, it is the duty of the central bank to create an output gap. And creation of output gap is done by increasing the real rate of interest by the central bank. (Ma, 2014) Monetary Policy Reaction Function (MR): The monetary policy rule helps to explain the mechanism of adjusting the real interest rate to target inflation in response to different shocks within the economy. The objective of the model is to stabilize inflation by minimizing output fluctuations. (Bain and Howells, 2015) The MR works when the central bank raises the real interest rate in order to slump the economy and thereby reducing inflation. As inflation declines people adjust their expectations to be low. This will drive down the PC to the level of expected inflation. The lower inflation enables the central bank to decline in the interest rate and inflation falls. Gradually the target rate of inflation is acquired and the economy reaches the full employment. (Bain and Howells, 2003) Based on the Minutes Of The Monetary Policy Committee Meeting 7 and 8 January 2015 The CPI inflation was around 0.55 IN December 2014 and it declined below the target of 2%. The main reason behind the fall is the steep fall in the wholesale energy prices last year. Since the inflation is below its target, the unemployment is well above the sustainable rate. This can be explained by the PC which defines an inversely relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. In order to stimulate growth in the economy, there is an immediate need to return the inflation rate to its target and eliminate the economic slack. (BBC News, 2015) (Neuenkirch, 2013) There were significant developments after the Inflation report of November which included fall in oil price, the spot price of Brent crude oil had decreased to $50 per barrel. It was expected by the bank staff that the CPI would be below zero during the first half of 2015. The market interest had fallen due to the tight UK monetary policy. The outlook justified that it is necessary to maintain the current level of Bank Rate and the asset stock purchases (Aldrick, 2012)which is financed by the issuance of reserves of the central bank. The adjustment in the monetary policy would be adjusted to ensure that CPI inflation returned back to 2% target. The two members who voted for the increase in the Bank rate was of the view that the sharp fall in the inflation rate below 2% target was initiated by other temporary factors. (MINUTES OF THE MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE MEETING 7 and 8 January 2015, 2015)Thus the decision by the Bank of England to maintain the interest rate at 0.5% requires a pr oper implementation of the UK monetary policy which would by the MR signifies that it should aim at improving the unemployment scenario to raise the inflation rate to its target. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015)This will lower the real interest rate from the first equation which in turn increased the level of investment and thus improve the real GDP. Thus, improvement in the real GDP by the growth in the level of investment is justified by the IS curve. (Fender, 2012) Thus, Bank of Englands decision to hold interest rate at 0.5% would drive up the inflation to its target and thereby increasing the level of investment. This increase in the level of investment will drive up the aggregate demand and in short this will help to stimulate growth in the economy by increasing the real GDP. (Dow, Klaes and Montagnoli, 2009) (Gerdesmeier, Mongelli and Roffia, 2010) (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) References Abel, A. and Bernanke, B. (2001).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Aldrick, P. (2012).Economists call time on quantitative easing after Bank votes to hold. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/9663744/Economists-call-time-on-quantitative-easing-after-Bank-votes-to-hold.html [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Bain, K. and Howells, P. (2003).Monetary economics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Bain, M. and Howells, P. (2015).Monetary Economics: Policy and Its Theoretical Basis. Palgrave Macmillan. BBC News, (2015).Bank keeps UK interest rates on hold. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-30726535 [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Claus, I. (n.d.). Is the Output Gap a Useful Indicator of Inflation.SSRN Journal. Dow, S., Klaes, M. and Montagnoli, A. (2009). Risk And Uncertainty In Central Bank Signals: An Analysis Of Monetary Policy Committee Minutes.Metroeconomica, 60(4), pp.584-618. Fender, J. (2012).Monetary policy. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Gerdesmeier, D., Mongelli, F. and Roffia, B. (2010). Interest Rate Setting by the Fed, the ECB, the Bank of Japan and the Bank of England Compared.Comp Econ Stud, 52(4), pp.549-574. Imf.org, (2015).What Is the Output Gap? - Back to Basics - Finance Development, September 2013. [online] Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2013/09/basics.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Ma, J. (2014). The Modern Phillips Curve Revisited.ME, 05(03), pp.188-200. Mankiw, N. (2007).Macroeconomics. New York: Worth Publishers. Minutes Of The Monetary Policy Committee Meeting 7 and 8 January 2015. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/minutes/Documents/mpc/pdf/2015/jan.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Neuenkirch, M. (2013). Predicting Bank of England's asset purchase decisions with MPC voting records.Applied Economics Letters, 20(13), pp.1275-1278. Stock, J. and Watson, M. (2008).Phillips curve inflation forecasts. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).BoE Shows Concerns Over Low Inflation. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/articles/02122015110830.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).BoE Voted Unanimously to Leave Rates on Hold. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/articles/01212015101809.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015].

Competitive Advantage Based On Technology - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competitive Advantage Based On Technology? Answer: Introducation The innovation selected for the current file is online hospital services to the underdeveloped areas of Australia. Health care refers to the maintenance and improvement of the health with the help of proper treatment of diseases or injury, prevention, diagnosis and other physical or mental impairments in individuals. Underdeveloped areas of the Australia does not possess sufficient and appropriate health services which lead to increase in health problems among the people. By providing right medicines, diagnosis, etc. in low price, this innovative service will result in improving the health and living style of the individuals living in underdeveloped areas of the country. Concerning this, online health service will help in reducing the health issues in rural areas of the nation by offering them proper medication and treatment. Along with this, the target market for this innovation is those individuals who are suffering from either physical or mental problem. The service will only emph asize to the people living in rural or underdeveloped areas of Australia. On the other hand, the innovative service regarding online hospital services will face competition with the available hospitals and other online healthcare websites. But focus on the health issues of the underdeveloped people will help this innovative service to gain competitive advantages (Verzuh, 2015). The present report is emphasizing the online hospital services to the underdeveloped areas of Australia. With reference to this, the file includes launch plan, resource plan, long-term plan and recommendations along with proper time frame. Further Design Thinking Activities: In Australia, people living in underdeveloped areas are suffering from improper healthcare services. They are unable to access appropriate medicines or other services for their health issue due to lack of adequate knowledge and information. As a Project Manager, I analyzed the problem of healthcare services at under developed areas of Australia. Various tools and techniques are being used by my team for identifying the best suitable solution of the problem. The reason behind improper access to the healthcare services is lack of education, transportation, healthcare facilities and health awareness. Inappropriate treatment of the disease leads to increase it and affects the health of poor and uneducated rural people. This is increasing number of diseases like obesity, cancer, dementia, etc. Thus, it is necessary to find out right solution for the described problem. With the help of appropriate tools and techniques, one can easily handle the issue of improper healthcare services in Australia. Various tools and techniques are being used for the proper creation of the innovative idea with respect to the described problem. These are as follows: Mind Mapping: This is utilized for organizing the information visually correctly. With the help of this tool, the team is able to develop and understand the relationship between the different parts of the problem. A drawing is needed to create around a single concept of healthcare problem and to which associated ideas are added. In this tool, the major idea is linked directly with the central concept of healthcare problem of underdeveloped areas. With the help of this, team members are able to understand the primary cause of issues which leads to the creation of different ideas and thoughts for resolving it such as organizing education sessions, promoting importance of healthcare, etc. Along with this, mind mapping also helps in finding appropriate connections and link between the ideas and problem. Brain Storming: This tool is used for determining the solution of the problem regarding improper healthcare facilities at underdeveloped areas. In this, the team discussed the problem with each other and contribute themselves in developing a list of ideas for resolving the issue. Lack of proper transportation, improper healthcare facilities, lack of knowledge about the health and different diseases, etc. are the main reason behind the increasing health issues in the underdeveloped area of Australia. Concerning all these points, the group thinks correctly and communicates with each other for finding a suitable idea. As per the discussion and proper analysis, the most appropriate approach for the problem is the development of online healthcare website which will lead to provide services to the underdeveloped areas of the Australia (Sakas, Vlachos Nasiopoulos, 2014). Concept development: After selection of the proper idea for resolving the issue of healthcare at underdeveloped areas, next step is to develop a concept around that idea. This tool of concept development helps in better planning and implementation of the selected idea of online hospital services. The concpet improves the functionality of the plan, fulfill the needs and wants of the people and increase the loyalty of users is being generated with this tool. The concepts are related to offering high-quality services to the individuals in low price (Maria, Maria Birbas, 2016). Launch Plan The innovation service regarding the online hospital services to the underdeveloped areas of Australia will be launched online. The service will make easy for patients to consult with doctors, purchasing medicines, reporting physicians time to time, etc. without going here and there. The reason behind the selection of this innovative service is to provide appropriate health care services to the people suffering in rural areas. This online service will include features like home delivery, information regarding different diseases, suggestions for improving health, contacting personally to the experienced doctors, notifications regarding health issue registered by the patients, etc. The functions that will be included in the launching of the innovative service is service management, marketing, channel management and sales. While launching the necessary service following steps will be taken: Development of the innovation to a launchable/Marketable stage: In this step, the service will be adequately tested for verifying whether it is ready to launch or not. This verification will also help in making necessary changes or improvements in the online hospital service for increasing its innovativeness and making it as per the requirement of the customers (Zygiaris, 2013). Promotion of the innovation to the market: This step will consist of the activities which will be required for promoting the online service in the market. Advertisement with the help of television, radio, social networking sites (Facebook, Instagram, Youtube, Twitter, etc.), magazines, newspapers, etc. will assist in informing people about the innovative service. Use of word-of-mouth will also lead to aware underdeveloped people about this service. Creation of development team: By establishing a team of expert and experienced employees, the owner will able to keep an eye on the launching process of the online service. Staff members will analyze whether all the resources are utilizing properly or not. Workers will also help in handling issues occur during the launch of the service (Rusanen, Halinen Jaakkola, 2014). Preparation for enhancing sales: The company will train team members for using appropriate technique regarding sales enhancement. The team needs to be prepared for handling any failure in sales or promotion of the service. Collection of feedback after the launch: In this, customer feedbacks will be analyzed for identifying their satisfaction level. If necessary, required changes will be done in service for enhancing its quality and fulfilling needs of clients. The above-discussed launch plan will lead to promote online hospital service among the individuals of underdeveloped areas of Australia (Nyadzayo, Leckie Lester, 2017). Along with the above scheme, it is also necessary to decide time and location for launching service. The time required for the launch of this online service is one month. In this period, the company will able to make appropriate preparations regarding promotion, team development, sales, etc. On the other hand, the plan will be launched in the rural areas of Australia. The reason behind the selection of this location is to inform poor and rural people about the service so that they can take maximum benefits of it. Planning to communicate with the target users: In this program for informing customers about the new online hospital services will be conducted. The company will use different communication tools for creating awareness among the rural people about the innovative services. Proper analysis of the underdeveloped areas will be conducted first for selecting appropriate communication device. Use of television and radio will help in informing people about the service and the way in which they can take maximum advantages. Along with this, an organization can also conduct different campaigns for informing uneducated people about the impact of improper health, importance of hospital services, etc. (Goetsch Davis, 2014). Apart from the above, all the collected data regarding the service and launch plan will be compared with the future objectives. This comparison will help in demonstrating the feasibility of the project and innovative service with respect to upcoming trends and market demands. Appropriate changes will be made in launch method for accomplishing the future needs of customers as well. After the above analysis, every activity regarding promotion, advertisement, and marketing of the online service will be prioritized as per their importance. It will use directly to consumer model in the form of the distribution channel for selling services to the end user directly (Verzuh, 2015). Resource Plan The type of resources which will be required for proper launching are explained below: Physical Resources: It includes those resources which are made by man and will help in launching the service effectively. The physical resources which will be required for the innovative online hospital service consist of desks, chairs, raw materials, medical devices like a stethoscope, CT scanner, X-ray machine, etc.; long-term care beds, sufficient infrastructure, computer systems, telephones, households with broadband internet connections and paper and pen for documentation (Hotez, 2016). Human Resources: These are essential assets of an organization. Without proper human resources, it is not possible to launch online hospital service. This factor will include the following: Medical staff: This human resource will be expert in handling patients health issues and diseases. A delegation of the work will be given as per the expertise and specialty of the medical professionals. These will include experienced, senior, experts and fresher doctors, physicians and health trainers (Smith et.al., 2014). IT staff: This team will manage and maintain technical part of the online services. These officials will conduct management of the information in the database, maintenance of the website, insertion, deletion, etc. of the information. Accounting Staff: The responsibility of this team will be to keep a record of salary, incentives, payments of clients, money transfer, etc. Employees of this area will help in developing a financial report and analyzing the profitability. HR staff: This team will lead to managing the complete working environment of the service along with the hiring of new candidates. Other activities like performance management, diversity management, conflict management, reward management; etc. will be conducted by these staff members (von Koskull Strandvik, 2014). Business Partners: In this, two or more individuals who will share the management and profits of the online hospital service will be included. Suppliers: This category will consist of those vendors who will supply medical devices, medicines, infrastructure like a bed, chair, table, desk, etc. Intellectual Resources: These will consist of patents, proprietary knowledge, brands, copyrights and customer database. The innovative hospital service will require active database management for handling online queries and offering online services effectively. With the help of intellectual resources, the company will be able to develop a robust business model (Ross Byrd, 2015). Financial Resources and Budget for the launch: These will include business funds like cash, deposits, cash equivalents, lines of credit, stock option pool for hiring talented employees, corporate capital, shares, bonds, etc. Thus, all the above resources will help in the proper and efficient launch of the online hospital service for under developed areas of Australia. Good management of the resources will lead to the appropriate execution of the launch plan. The long-term plan for the innovative service of the online hospital to the underdeveloped areas of Australia is as follows: Increasing sales: It is one of the most important long-term plans of the online hospital services. For accomplishing this, the company will increase its number of healthcare services along with their quality. These services will consist of nursing facility, home care facility, caregiver handbook and much more. This will fulfill needs and wants of the people and will result to enhance their satisfaction level. High-quality services in affordable price will lead to increase the sales of online healthcare services (Short--Long-term care planning, 2017). Brand Recognition: Another long-term goal of the online hospital service is to enhance its brand awareness and name recognition among the people of underdeveloped areas. By maintaining the quality of the services and products, the company will able to develop loyalty and trust among the poor people who will tend to gain brand recognition. Along with this, an organization can also use social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, etc. for informing individuals of different nations about its work and responses (Jin, Li, Li, 2016). Recommendations And Time Frame There are some recommendations which online hospital services need to follow. These are explained below: Proper analysis of underdeveloped areas for understanding the needs of rural people. It should use latest techniques for enhancing response time and decreasing waiting time. It should conduct efficient recruitment process for hiring talented and experienced doctors and specialties. It should carry out different campaigns for informing rural people about healthcare and its importance Conclusion From the study, it is found that online hospital services are the appropriate and suitable solution for handling the health issues faced by people living at underdeveloped areas of Australia. Proper launch plan, resource plan, and the long-term plan will help in effective implementation of the solution. References Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hotez, P. J. (2016).Blue marble health: an innovative plan to fight diseases of the poor amid wealth. JHU Press. Jin, J., Li, Y., Li, Y. (2016). How users adopt healthcare information: an empirical study of an online QA community.International journal of medical informatics,86, 91-103. Maria, A., Maria, T., Birbas, G. (2016). Implementing Innovative Learning Methods: A Two Schools Example.European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning,19(2). Nyadzayo, M. W., Leckie, C., Lester, J. N. (2017). Value creation: the role of customer participation and perceived innovative aspects of service innovation. Parks, S. (2013).Start Your Business Week by Week: How to plan and launch your successful business-one step at a time. Pearson UK. Ross, L. W., Byrd, K. (2015). Business Plan Competitions: Start-Up'Idols' and Their Twenty-First Century Launch Pads. Rusanen, H., Halinen, A., Jaakkola, E. (2014). Accessing resources for service innovationthe critical role of network relationships.Journal of Service Management,25(1), 2-29. Sakas, DAnswer: Vlachos, D., Nasiopoulos, D. (2014). Modelling strategic management for the development of competitive advantage, based on technology.Journal of Systems and Information Technology,16(3), 187-209. Smith, J. E., Brandenburg, M. D., Conte, M. L., Song, J. (2014). 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Marlowes Presentation of Mephistopheles Essay Example

Marlowes Presentation of Mephistopheles Paper Mephistopheles as a victim and we are able to blame any fault in his actions on Lucifer, thus seeing Mephistopheles in a more innocent light. It could be argued that Marlowe portrays Mephistopheles as striking from the very moment we are introduced to him. As soon as he enters, Faustus is so shocked and disgusted by Mephistopheles appearance that he states thou art too ugly to attend on me. Go, and return an old Franciscan friar. Here Marlowe has taken the opportunity to make an anti-Catholic Jibe at the alleged corruption of friars and this Is further emphasized hen Faustus illogically asserts that holy shape becomes a devil best. This can be considered as even more striking as it is unsettling to consider the idea that a devil can take on any shape or form, especially one who appears as innocent and comforting as a friar. In this way, as well as making a mockery of the Catholic church, Marlowe is able to make Mephistopheles appear even more striking to an audience who lived In the century of reformation yet still believed In, and feared, the supernatural. This Idea Is further developed with Mephistopheles first line in the lay Now. Faustus, what wouldst thou have me do? . It is interesting to note that these first words were also the first words that SST Paul spoke to Christ on the road to Damascus, as reported in Acts 9. 6 and thus this makes for a very interesting contrast. One could interpret Marlowe use of this striking resemblance as an attempt to outline the Idea that Mephistopheles Is merely acting as though he Is doing Faustus bidding but Is actually manipulating Faustus Into thinking he has the better end of the agreement when really, unlike SST Paul and Christ, it is Faustus who eventually becomes the disciple of Mephistopheles and ultimately, Lucifer. Mephistopheles can also be considered to be striking as his explanation of hell contradicts the typical Medieval belief of a physical place of torment. He explains that thinks thou that l, who saw the face of God Am not tormented with ten thousand hells, In being deprived of everlasting bliss? And a striking sense of regret is revealed In Mephistopheles as he announces that after tasting the eternal Joys of heaven, anything in comparison is hell. This image of hell, regarding Mephistopheles, is tricking in itself. It is portrayed chaotically as inescapable and thus evokes fear from the audience from a safe perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Marlowes Presentation of Mephistopheles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marlowes Presentation of Mephistopheles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marlowes Presentation of Mephistopheles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Act 1 Scene 3, Mephistopheles replies to a question from Faustus about who or What he is, he answers Unhappy spirits that fell with Lucifer. Conspired against our God with Lucifer. And are for ever damned with Ulcer. By stopping can sentence Walt n ten word Ulcer , Marlowe portrays ten Idea that Mephistopheles is trapped by Lucifer (and hell) and that he will never reach beyond them both. Through using this apostrophe, we also gain a sense of the gothic element of eternity- Mephistopheles will never be free of his suffering. Mephistopheles, further on in the play, emphasizes this idea and describes hell as Where we are tortured and remain forever Hell hath no limits and issues yet another striking warning to Faustus -which he chooses to ignore- whilst Marlowe continues to blur this life and the afterlife with his descriptions of Faustus inevitable fate. Some critics have considered Mephistopheles to be warning Faustus, O Faustus, leave this frivolous demands, which strike a terror to my fainting soul and hush consider Marlowe to be portraying him as a friend who is himself struck at the thought of Faustus suffering the same fate as he. Later on in the play, when Mephistopheles returns from Lucifer, he honestly tells Faustus that, as with ambitious earthly monarchs, Lucifer aim is territorial expansion and warns Faustus that he will receive more than he bargained for. The idea of Mephistopheles striking friendship, which on the surface appears genuine, is also explored when Faustus requests a wife. However, Mephistopheles cannot oblige and tries to put him off l Ritchie, talk not of a wife. In the sixteenth century, there were no civil marriages and so the word Wife carried with it the association of the Church and holy matrimony. He instead substitutes a devil dressed like a woman, with fireworks and by doing this it could be suggested that he is warning Faustus that he will be denied the blessing of a lifetime companion and only have superficial relationships with courtesans if he embarks upon a deal with Lucifer. We can also gain a sense of friendship from Faustus view, he refers to Mephistopheles as sweet and although this is can be noninsured to be an oxymoron, Faustus is consistently clear about his portrayal of Mephistopheles. On numerous occasions he seeks comfort in Mephistopheles, When Mephistopheles shall stand by me, what God can hurt thee Faustus? ND in both this example and Faustus final words Ah! Mephistopheles, strikingly, one finds that Faustus is only able to renounce God and accept his fate, when Mephistopheles is there to guide him. This interpretation, however, can also be understood in terms of Mephistopheles and his striking devilish characteristics and thus him being a manipulative temp ter. This supports the idea that the play is written in the form of a morality play which were popular in England around the late Middle Ages and which told stories about the progress of the soul and humanity relationship with virtue and temptation. As Faustus experiences the staying of blood when he attempts to sign his contract with Lucifer, it is Mephistopheles who brings a chafer of coals to liquefy the blood once more. He even goes on to state O what will not I do to obtain his soul? Which suggests both desperation and deceit. When Faustus consequently species a diving message Homologue, Mephistopheles distracts him from repentance and tempts Faustus with political power, symbolized by crowns, and wealth and luxury, symbolized by rich apparel. It also is interesting that once Faustus has signed the contract, Mephistopheles contradicts his earlier descriptions of heaven and tries to reassure Faustus that heaven is not such a glorious thing as he imagines in an attempt to stop him from repenting. Although Faustus wants to learn by experience, and asks to see Rome, Mephistopheles distracts him by suggesting some fun at the popes expense- justly corrupting Faustus Teller Telling. I Nils travel Detonator pushes Faustus to believe that he is too far gone for forgiveness from God and thus further exemplifies the striking, manipulative characteristic within Mephistopheles. He also urges Faustus to commit the ultimate sin (suicide) by handing him a dagger in hopes that he will die and so put himself beyond hope of salvation. It is actions like these which seem to contradict any ideas of friendship between the two characters, however, because Mephistopheles is influenced ultimately by Lucifer, Marlowe may eve been trying to suggest that if Mephistopheles werent so corrupt and tortured by hell, he would maintain his previous attitude and continue to warn Faustus. This can also be supported by the idea that Faustus was condemned from the very beginning of the play. When Mephistopheles does warn Faustus of hell, Marlowe uses anaphora and repeats the words me and l when describing all of the things he will do with his new powers. This shows Faustus to completely disregard Mephistopheles warning (despite no manipulation from Mephistopheles) and the responding sentence structure in a sequence of clauses shows Faustus to be gushing and completely, selfishly caught up by the gothic element of being driven by some all-consuming passion. Marlowe further developed this idea by using references to the sin gluttony, for example words such as sweet, glutted and surfeits. This serves to give the impression of a gorged renaissance ideal, which few people of the era were considered to be, and thus demonstrates to the audience that by knowing too much, one can lose their sense of Judgment- again making Faustus ate appear inevitable- for instance when he perceives the seven deadly sins to feed my soul and describes O how happy I were then as opposed to feeling repulsed and fearing them. Farm supported this idea and suggested that Mephistopheles appears because he senses in Faustus magical summons, that Faustus is already corrupt, that indeed he is already in danger to be damned nonetheless. And so, if Faustus is shown to be in danger to be damned nonetheless, Mephistopheles cannot be considered as a striking tempter; he was merely doing his Job.